Articles · Contracts

2027-02-03 13 min EN / FR

Contract clauses to demand from any tech provider

Most tech contracts describe what gets built and what it costs. The clauses that matter when things go wrong are often missing or buried. You do not need to be a lawyer to ask for them. You need to know what to look for.

This is practical guidance, not legal advice. Have a lawyer review any contract of real value, and check how these points work under the law that applies to you.

Why contracts matter more than trust

Most relationships with developers and agencies are good. The contract is not for those. It is for the day the provider is unavailable, the relationship sours, or the company is sold. At that point, what is written is what you get, and what is missing is up for negotiation at the worst possible time.

Clause 1: Ownership of deliverables

What to ask for: the code, designs, documentation and data created for you belong to you, or you hold a licence broad enough to use, modify and have others maintain it.

Points to check:

  • When ownership transfers: on creation, on delivery, or on full payment. "On full payment" is common and fair, but make sure it is stated.
  • Scope: does it cover source code, not only the running application?
  • Pre-existing tools: providers often reuse their own libraries and frameworks. That is normal, but the contract should say you get a licence to use them as part of the deliverable, without extra fees and without time limits.
  • Third-party and open source components: the provider should list them, and none should carry licence terms that conflict with your intended use.
  • Moral rights and freelancer contributors: if subcontractors work on your project, the provider must ensure they have transferred their rights too.

A vague "the client receives the final product" is not enough. "The client receives the source code" is.

Clause 2: Accounts, hosting and keys in your name

What to ask for: every account that matters (hosting, domain, repositories, third-party services, payment providers) is created in your name or transferred to it, with you as owner and the provider as a limited user.

Points to check:

  • Domain registrant is you
  • Cloud, hosting and repository accounts belong to your organisation
  • Third-party licences are registered to you
  • Billing goes to you directly, not through re-invoicing with a margin you cannot see
  • Secrets and credentials are stored where you control them

If a provider insists on hosting everything in their own account "for convenience", ask what happens on the day you leave. The same four columns as in the 30-minute account audit help you keep track.

Clause 3: Delivery of source code and deployment documentation

What to ask for: at each milestone and at the end, the source code is delivered or accessible in a repository you own, along with the documentation needed to build, deploy and operate it.

Define "documentation" so it is not a matter of opinion:

  • How to run it locally
  • How to build and deploy
  • Configuration and environment variables (names and purposes, not secrets)
  • Architecture overview
  • List of external services and dependencies
  • Backup and restore procedure
  • Known limitations

Clause 4: Exit and handover

What to ask for: a defined handover process if the contract ends, for any reason.

Include:

  • A notice period
  • A number of support hours (or a rate) for knowledge transfer
  • Removal of the provider's access once the handover is done
  • Transfer of third-party contracts that can be transferred, and a list of those that cannot
  • An exit plan document

Clause 5: No withholding of access during disputes

What to ask for: access to your systems, data and accounts is not suspended or withheld because of a disagreement about an invoice or scope. Disputes go through the normal channels: discussion, mediation, courts.

This protects you from the situation where your website goes offline in the middle of a negotiation. A good provider also benefits, because it protects them from accusations of holding you hostage.

About to sign a tech contract?

We can review the ownership, accounts and exit clauses before you commit, or help you draft the points that usually get left out.

Clause 6: Scope, acceptance and changes

Many conflicts are about what was promised.

  • Scope: a written description of what is included, and a list of what is excluded
  • Acceptance criteria: how you will decide that a deliverable is done (tests, a demo, a checklist) and how long you have to review it
  • Change requests: how changes are proposed, priced and approved in writing, before work starts
  • Warranty period: a period after delivery during which the provider fixes defects at no charge, with a definition of what counts as a defect versus a new request

Clause 7: Payment terms

  • Payment schedule tied to milestones, not only to dates
  • Deposit size (a moderate amount is normal, a large upfront payment for work that has not started is a risk)
  • Late payment terms in both directions
  • Expenses and third-party costs: who pays, and what needs prior approval
  • Whether the quote is a fixed price or an estimate, and what happens when it is exceeded

Clause 8: Confidentiality and data protection

  • Confidentiality obligations on both sides, surviving the end of the contract
  • If the provider processes personal data on your behalf, a data processing agreement that covers purposes, security measures, subprocessors, location of processing and deletion at the end
  • A requirement to notify you promptly of a security incident
  • Rules for using production data in test environments (see GDPR and test environments)

Clause 9: Security expectations

  • Basic obligations: access limited to those who need it, strong authentication, no sharing of credentials, secure handling of secrets
  • Responsibility for the security of what is delivered: at least reasonable standard practices, and how vulnerabilities discovered after delivery are handled
  • Whether security updates are included in maintenance

Clause 10: Maintenance and support

If the provider will keep running your system:

  • What is included (updates, monitoring, backups, bug fixes) and what is not
  • Response and resolution times, and the hours they apply to
  • Availability targets, if relevant, and what happens when they are missed
  • How to reach the provider in an emergency
  • Price and how it can change
  • Whether you can terminate maintenance separately from the rest, and with what notice

A maintenance contract you cannot leave without penalty is a form of lock-in.

Clause 11: Subcontracting and continuity

  • Whether the provider can subcontract, and whether they must tell you
  • That subcontractors are bound by the same obligations
  • What happens if the person who built your system becomes unavailable: is there a second person who knows it? Is documentation enough for someone else to continue?
  • What happens if the provider's company is sold or closes

Clause 12: Use of AI tools

This is increasingly worth stating:

  • Whether the provider may use AI tools in the work
  • That generated code is reviewed by a person before delivery
  • That your confidential data and source code are not sent to tools whose terms allow training on it, or are not sent at all, depending on your requirements
  • That the provider remains responsible for the quality and licensing of what they deliver

The same principle as when you add AI to your own processes without handing over the keys: control the accounts, limit what leaves your perimeter, and keep a human accountable for the result.

Clause 13: Liability and termination

  • A cap on liability that is realistic relative to the project, and what is excluded from the cap
  • Termination for convenience: can either side stop with notice, and what is payable for work done?
  • Termination for breach: what counts, and what cure period applies?
  • What survives termination (confidentiality, ownership, handover)

Red flags in a contract

  • You do not own the code, or ownership is "to be discussed"
  • Hosting and accounts are in the provider's name, with no transfer clause
  • Handover and exit are not mentioned
  • Heavy penalties for leaving, or long automatic renewals
  • Access can be suspended at the provider's discretion
  • Ownership transfers only after "all obligations are fulfilled", with no definition
  • Vague scope with a fixed price, or an open-ended estimate with no cap or review points
  • The provider refuses to discuss any change to the standard terms

Standard terms can often be adjusted if you ask. Providers who refuse every change, even reasonable ones, are telling you something.

How to negotiate without souring things

  • Present these as standard good practice, not as a sign of distrust
  • Explain that they protect both sides, including the provider's reputation
  • Prioritise: ownership, accounts, exit and no-withholding matter most
  • Offer something in return: clear scope, prompt payment, a reasonable handover fee
  • Get agreements in writing, even for small projects

Checklist

  • Ownership of code, designs and documentation defined, with timing
  • Third-party and open source components listed
  • Accounts, domains and keys in our name
  • Source code and documentation delivered at milestones
  • Exit and handover process defined
  • Access not withheld during disputes
  • Scope, acceptance and change process written
  • Payment tied to milestones
  • Data protection and security obligations stated
  • Maintenance terms and termination conditions clear
  • Subcontracting and continuity addressed
  • AI tool usage addressed
  • Reviewed by a lawyer if the project is significant

Related

From a checklist to a signed contract

If you want a second look at ownership, accounts and exit before the next signature, write us. We answer on substance.